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.The Battle of Bataan (: Labanan sa Bataan) (7 January – 9 April 1942) was a battle fought by the and the against during. The battle represented the most intense phase of the Japanese during World War II.

In January 1942, forces of the and invaded along with several islands in the Philippine Archipelago after the.The commander-in-chief of all U.S. And Filipino forces in the islands, General, consolidated all of his Luzon-based units on the to fight against the Japanese army. By this time, the Japanese controlled nearly all of Southeast Asia.

The Peninsula and the island of were the only remaining Allied strongholds in the region.Despite a lack of supplies, American and Filipino forces managed to fight the Japanese for three months, engaging them initially in a fighting retreat southward. As the combined American and Filipino forces made a last stand, the delay cost the Japanese valuable time and prevented immediate victory across the Pacific. The American surrender at Bataan to the Japanese, with 76,000 soldiers surrendering in the Philippines altogether, was the largest in and, and was the largest United States surrender since the 's.

Soon afterwards, U.S. And Filipino were forced into the. This section does not any. Unsourced material may be challenged and.Find sources: – ( March 2020) The capture of the Philippine Islands was crucial to Japan's effort to control the Southwest Pacific, seize the -rich, and protect its flank.

After Japanese carrier planes the at on the morning of 7 December 1941 (8 December, time), -based aircraft, within seven hours, pounded the main bases of the American Far East Air Force at in, Iba Field in, near, and the headquarters of the in the Philippines, at. Many American planes were caught on the ground and summarily destroyed. In one day, the Japanese had gained air superiority over the Philippine Islands.

This forced the U.S. Asiatic Fleet to withdraw its surface ships from its naval base in Cavite and retreat southwards, leaving only the submarine force to resist the Japanese.From 8 to 10 December, scattered resistance by ground troops and remaining American air and naval forces failed to stop preliminary landings to seize airfields at,. Army air force B-17s, often with little if any fighter escort, attacked Japanese ships offloading at Gonzaga and the Vigan landings on Luzon.

Submarines of the Asiatic Fleet were also assigned to the effort.In one last coordinated action by the Far East Air Force, U.S. Planes damaged two Japanese transports, the, and a destroyer, and sank one. These air attacks and naval actions, however, did not significantly delay the Japanese assault.These small-scale landings preceded the main assault on 22 December 1941, at in and Lamon Bay, by the 14th Japanese Imperial Army, led by Lieutenant General.By effectively neutralizing U.S.

Air and naval power in the Philippines, the Japanese gained supremacy that isolated the Philippines from reinforcement and resupply, and provided itself with both airfields for support of its invasion forces and staging bases for further operations in the Dutch East Indies.War Plan Orange-3 When MacArthur returned to active duty, the latest revision plans for the defense of the Philippine Islands had been completed in April 1941 and was called WPO-3, based on the joint Army-Navy of 1938, which involved hostilities between the United States and Japan. Under WPO-3, the Philippine garrison was to hold the entrance to Manila Bay and deny its use to Japanese naval forces and ground forces were to prevent enemy landings. If the enemy prevailed, they were to withdraw to the Bataan Peninsula, which was recognized as the key to the control of Manila Bay. It was to be defended to the 'last extremity'.

In addition to the regular U.S. Army troops, the defenders could rely on the Philippine Army, which had been organized and trained by General MacArthur.However, in April 1941, the Navy estimated that it would require at least two years for the Pacific Fleet to fight its way across the Pacific. Army planners in early 1941 believed supplies would be exhausted within six months and the garrison would fall. MacArthur assumed command of the Allied army in July 1941 and rejected WPO-3 as defeatist, preferring a more aggressive course of action. He recommended—among other things—a coastal defense strategy that would include the entire archipelago. His recommendations were followed in the plan that was eventually approved.

Due to MacArthur's decision, with tacit approval from Washington, to change the plan under, it was ordered that the entire archipelago would be defended, with the necessary supplies dispersed behind the beachheads for defending forces to use while defending against the landings. With the return to War Plan Orange 3, the necessary supplies to support the defenders for the anticipated six-month-long defensive position were not available in the necessary quantities for the defenders who would withdraw to Bataan. Battle When the Japanese made their first landings on 10 and 12 December at the northern and southern extremities of Luzon, General MacArthur made no disposition to contest them. He correctly surmised that these landings were designed to secure advance air bases and that the Japanese had no intention of driving on Manila from any of these beachheads. He did not regard the situation as serious enough to warrant a change in his plan to oppose the main attack, when it came, with an all-out defense at the beaches. The MacArthur Plan, then, remained in effect.On December 20, US Navy submarine spotted a large convoy of troop ships with escorts.

This was General Homma's landing force, and included 85 troop transports, two battleships, six cruisers, and two dozen destroyers. The convoy was engaged by three submarines: USS Stingray, and, who fired torpedo after torpedo into the convoy, most of which failed to explode, due to the 's defective detonators. In all, just two troop ships were sunk before Japanese destroyers chased the submarines away. Fighting retreat.

Japanese troops occupy Manila, as it is declared an to avoid its destruction, 2 January 1942.General MacArthur intended to move his men with their equipment and supplies in good order to their defensive positions. He charged the under Maj. With holding back the main Japanese assault and keeping the road to Bataan open for use by the of Maj.

Gen., which proceeded quickly and in remarkably good order, given the chaotic situation. To achieve this, Wainwright deployed his forces in a series of five defensive lines outlined in WPO-3:. D1: to to. D2:.

D3: to to to San Jose. D4: to. D5: to Sibul SpringsLayac Line. WWII First Line of Defense Memorial (, )The main force of General 's 14th Area Army came ashore at Lingayen Gulf on the morning of 22 December.

The defenders failed to hold the beaches. By the end of the day, the Japanese had secured most of their objectives and were in position to emerge onto the central plain. Facing Homma's troops were four Filipino divisions: the, the, the, and the, as well as a battalion of backed by a few tanks. Along Route 3—a cobblestone road that led directly to Manila —the Japanese soon made contact with the Filipino 71st Division. At this point the action of the American artillery stalled the Japanese attack. However, Japanese planes and tanks entering the action routed the Filipino infantry, leaving the artillery uncovered.

A second Japanese division landed at Lamon Bay, south of Manila, on December 23 and advanced north.It was now evident to General Wainwright that he could no longer hold back the Japanese advance. Late on the afternoon of the 23rd, Wainwright telephoned General MacArthur's headquarters in Manila and informed him that any further defense of the Lingayen beaches was 'impracticable.' He requested and was given permission to withdraw behind the Agno River. MacArthur weighed two choices: either make a firm stand on the line of the Agno and give Wainwright his best unit, the, for a counterattack; or withdraw all the way to Bataan in planned stages. He decided on the latter, thus abandoning his own plan for defense and reverting to the old ORANGE plan. Having made his decision to withdraw to Bataan, MacArthur notified all force commanders on the night of 23 December that 'WPO-3 is in effect.'

Meanwhile, the President of the Philippine Commonwealth, together with his family and government staff were evacuated to Corregidor, along with MacArthur's (USAFFE) headquarters, on the night of 24 December 1941, while all USAFFE military personnel were removed from the major urban areas. On the 26th Manila was officially declared an and MacArthur's proclamation was published in the newspapers and broadcast over the radio. The Japanese were not notified officially of the proclamation but learned of it through radio broadcasts. The next day, and thereafter, they bombed the port area, from which supplies were being shipped to Bataan and Corregidor.

Defense of the Layac Junction approach to Bataan 2–6 January 1942After General Douglas MacArthur had withdrawn his army down the island of Luzon's central plain into the, one last line existed before the Japanese invaders reached the main line of resistance. The Americans attempted to slow the Japanese entry into by fighting a delaying action at Layac, thus gaining time and deceiving the enemy as to the location of the main defensive positions. For the first time in World War II, American troops faced Japanese soldiers on the ground. Porac–Guagua Line. Historical Marker (6 January 1942)From 1 to 5 January 1942, as the entire USAFFE converged from south and north, delaying actions were fought to allow the struggling withdrawal to Bataan.

The fiercest fighting occurred at the hastily emplaced Porac–Guagua Line, where the 11th and 21st divisions, respectively led by Brigadier Generals and, with the of Colonel Clinton A. Pierce in reserve, held the line, mostly on open and unprepared ground, against massive aerial and artillery bombardment, strong tank assaults, and infantry by the Takahashi and Tanaka detachments. Both sides suffered heavy casualties.

Overlooked in this report are the actions of the 23rd Infantry Regiment of the PA, led by senior instructor Col. Wallace A Mead. The 23rd Regiment established the defensive line at Porac-Pampanga on or around 2 January 1942. Colonel Mead was later awarded the for his actions there.

The 23rd's defense allowed Capinpin's forces to withdraw and establish new defensive positions. It was Capinpin's recount of the fighting that day that was offered as support for Mead's citation.Abucay–Mauban Line. The Abucay Line 9–23 January 1942War Plan Orange 3 called for two defensive lines across Bataan. The first extended across the peninsula from Mauban in the west to Mabatang, Abucay in the east. General Wainwright, commanding the newly organised I Philippine Corps of 22,500 troops, held the western sector. I Corps included the Philippine Army's, and, the 26th Cavalry (Philippine Scouts (PS)) and a battery of field artillery and self-propelled guns.

General Parker and the new II Philippine Corps, which included the Philippine Army's 11th, 21st, and and the (PS), and numbered 25,000 men, defended the eastern sector. All of the divisions, already under strength at the onset of war, had suffered serious combat losses, particularly to desertions. Army's Philippine Division, made up of the, the (PS), and supporting units became the 'Bataan Defense Force Reserve'. Mount Natib, a 4,222-foot (1,287 m)-high mountain that split the peninsula, served as the boundary line between the two corps.

The commanders anchored their lines on the mountain, but, since they considered the rugged terrain impassable, they did not extend their forces far up its slopes. The two corps were therefore not in direct contact with each other, leaving a serious gap in the defense line. With the fighting withdrawal completed, the Abucay–Mauban Line, the USAFFE's main battle position was now in place.Stand.

The Mauban Line positions 18–25 January 1942On 9 January, Japanese forces under Lieutenant General Susumu Morioka assaulted the eastern flank of the Abucay–Mauban Line, and were repulsed by the 91st Division of Brigadier General Luther Stevens and Colonel George S. Clark's 57th Infantry (PS). On 12 January, amid fierce fighting, 2nd Lieutenant, a platoon leader in the 57th Infantry, sacrificed his life when, armed with only a rifle and, he forced his way into enemy foxholes during, permitting his unit to retake Abucay Hacienda; for his actions, he was the. Another extreme act of bravery was put forth by a Filipino named Narcisco Ortilano. He was on a when the Japanese burst out of a canebrake in a banzai attack.

He shot dozens of the Japanese with his machine gun, then pulled out his Colt.45 and shot five more when the machine gun jammed. Then, when one Japanese soldier stabbed at him with a bayonet, he desperately tried to grab the gun, got his thumb cut off, but still held on, and then with a sudden burst of adrenaline he turned the gun on the enemy soldier and stabbed him in the chest. When another Japanese soldier swung a bayonet at him, he turned his rifle on the soldier and shot him dead.

Narcisco received the.Another attack on 14 January at the boundary of positions held by the 41st and 51st Divisions of Brigadier Generals and, respectively, aided by the 43rd and Colonel Wallace A Mead's 23rd Infantry, stubbornly refused the Japanese their left flank. The Japanese advanced to the Salian River Valley through a gap made by the 51st Infantry's withdrawal. But a patrol discovered the infiltration, and units of the 21st Division rushed to the valley and repulsed the attackers after a savage encounter. At another engagement farther to the west, a Japanese force surprised and routed the 53rd Infantry of Colonel John R. This force also penetrated deep behind the Abucay–Mauban Line along the Abo-Abo River Valley, but their advance was held up by combined units of the 21st and 51st Divisions, the 31st Division of Brigadier General, and Colonel John H. Rodman's 92nd Infantry at the Bani-Guirol Forest area.

The 31st Infantry and the 45th Infantry, Philippine scouts of Colonel Thomas W. Doyle, partially restored the abandoned line of the 51st Division. On 15 January, the reinforced 1st Regular Division of Brigadier General Fidel Segundo, defending the Morong sector, came under heavy bombardment, but held the line.

The Japanese penetrated through a huge gap in the Silangan-Natib area and established a roadblock on Mauban Ridge, threatening to cut off the division's rear. Repeated attacks by the 91st Division and 71st Division, and 92nd Infantry failed to dislodge the Japanese. The attackers' nightly raids and infiltration tactics became more frequent. Previously, General Parker's II Corps had prevented a similar encirclement at the Salian River battle, but the position of General Wainwright's I Corps was deemed indefensible, and the Abucay–Mauban Line was abandoned on 22 January. Battle of Trail Two. The Orion–Bagac line showing the U.S.

Positions around 27 January 1942The remaining Japanese troops managed to get through, however, and held out at some rear sectors of the Orion-Bagac Line at the Tuol River Valley behind the 11th Division, and in the Gogo-Cotar River behind the 1st Regular Division. From 23 January to 17 February, coordinated action by the defenders to eliminate these salients of resistance became known as the 'Battle of the '. Fierce fighting marked the action.

Captain, of the 1st Regular Division, outmaneuvered the enemy during their attempt to pocket the area. In both attempts, his unit successfully broke through the Gogo-Cotar and Tuol pockets, thus earning for himself the moniker 'hero of the pockets'. For his successes, he was promoted to major in the field. Major was then given the hazardous mission of closing the gaps and annihilating the enemy troops who had infiltrated the lines, as the gap posed a serious threat to the positions and the security of the division. He led a counterattack against the strong and numerically superior Japanese forces positioned between the MLR and the Regimental Reserve Line (RRL).

The fighting began at dawn on 29 January 1942, and the Americans restored the defensive sector assigned to the 1st Regular Division. On 3 February 1942, 1st Lieutenant of the 45th Infantry, Philippine scouts, led a reinforced platoon forward against two enemy machine-gun nests, silenced them with grenades, and then manned an antiaircraft machine gun until dying of his wounds. His Medal of Honor was awarded posthumously. Of the 2,000 Japanese soldiers engaged, 377 were reported to have escaped. Battle of the Pockets on the Orion-Bagac LineGeneral Homma, on 8 February, ordered the suspension of offensive operations in order to reorganize his forces. This could not be carried out immediately, because the 16th Division remained engaged trying to extricate the pocketed 3rd Battalion, 20th Infantry.

With further casualties, the remnants of the 3rd Battalion, 378 officers and men, were extricated on 15 February. On 22 February, the 14th Army line was withdrawn a few miles to the north, with USAFFE forces re-occupying positions evacuated by the Japanese.Battle of the Points. Japanese landings on Bataan 23 January – 1 February 1942In an attempt to outflank I Corps and isolate the service command area commanded by USAFFE deputy commander Brigadier General Allan C. McBride, Japanese troops of the 2nd Battalion, 20th Infantry, 16th Division, were landed on the west coast of southern Bataan on the night of 22 January. Intercepted by U.S., two barges were sunk and the rest scattered in two groups, neither of which landed on the objective beach.

The Japanese forces were contained on their beachheads by members of Philippine constabulary units, a hastily organized naval infantry battalion, and by personnel of several pursuit squadrons fighting as infantry, including and.The naval infantry consisted of 150 ground crewmen from Patrol Wing Ten, 80 sailors from the Cavite Naval Ammunition Depot, and 130 sailors from, with 120 sailors from the base facilities at Cavite, Olongapo, and Mariveles, and 120 Marines from an antiaircraft battery. Sailors used the Canopus machine shop to fabricate makeshift mountings for salvaged from Patrol Wing Ten's damaged aircraft. The Marines were distributed through the ranks, and the sailors were told to 'watch them and do as they do.' The sailors attempted to make their white uniforms more suitable for jungle combat by dying them with coffee grounds. The result was closer to yellow than khaki, and the diary of a dead Japanese officer described them as a suicide squad dressed in brightly colored uniforms and talking loudly in an attempt to draw fire and reveal the enemy positions.Japanese commanders, in an attempt to hold onto their lodgements, reinforced the beachheads piecemeal, but could not break out. Battles were fought ferociously against a company-sized group at the Lapay-Longoskawayan points from 23 to 29 January, at the Quinawan-Aglaloma points from 22 January to 8 February, and at the Silalim-Anyasan points from 27 January to 13 February. Out of the 2,000 Japanese troops committed to these battles, only 43 wounded returned to their lines.

These engagements were collectively termed the 'Battle of the Points'. Fall of Bataan On the night of 12 March, General MacArthur, his family, and several USAFFE staff officers for aboard four commanded by Lieutenant Commander.

For this, and a number of other feats over the course of four months and eight days, Bulkeley was awarded the, the, the and other citations.MacArthur was eventually flown to Australia where he broadcast to the his famous 'I Shall Return' promise. MacArthur's departure marked the end of the USAFFE, and by 22 March, the defending army was renamed the United States Forces in the Philippines (USFIP), and Lieutenant General was placed in command.After the failure of their first attack against Bataan, the Japanese general headquarters sent strong artillery forces to the Philippines in order to smash the American fortifications. They had 190 artillery pieces, which included bigger guns like 150 mm cannons and the rare. The 1st Artillery headquarters, under Major General Kineo Kitajima, who was a known authority on IJA artillery, also moved to the Philippines along with the main forces to command and control these artillery units. Also, the Japanese high command reinforced General Homma's 14th Imperial Army, and toward the end of March, the Japanese forces prepared for the final assault.On 3 April, the entire Orion-Bagac Line was subjected to incessant bombings by 100 aircraft and artillery bombardment by 300 artillery pieces from 9:00 a.m. To 3:00 pm, which turned the stronghold into an inferno. Over the course of the next three days ( to, 1942), the Japanese 65th Brigade and 4th Division spearheaded the main attack at the left flank of II Corps.

Everywhere along the line, the American and Filipino defenders were driven back by Japanese tanks and infantry.Based on his two prior attempts, General Homma had estimated that the final offensive would require a week to breach the Orion-Bagac Line and a month to liquidate two final defense lines he believed had been prepared on Bataan. When the opening attack required just three days, he pushed his forces on 6 April to meet expected counterattacks head-on.

The Japanese launched a drive into the center, penetrated into flanks held by the 22nd and 23rd Regiments of the 21st Division, captured Mount Samat and outflanked all of II Corps. Counterattacks by the U.S. Geneseek blood cards.

Army and Philippine Scout regulars held in reserve were futile; only the 57th Infantry gained any ground, soon lost.All along the battle front, units of I Corps, together with the devastated remnants of II Corps, crumbled and straggled to the rear. The commanders on Bataan lost all contact with their units, except by runner in a few instances. In the last two days of the defense of Bataan, the entire Allied defense progressively disintegrated and collapsed, clogging all roads with refugees and fleeing troops (some were evacuated by from the ).

By 8 April, the senior U.S. Commander on Bataan, Major General, saw the futility of further resistance, and put forth proposals for capitulation.The next morning, 9 April 1942, General King met with Major General Kameichiro Nagano and, after several hours of negotiations, the remaining weary, starving and emaciated American and Filipino defenders on the battle-swept Bataan Peninsula surrendered.Radio broadcast – Voice of Freedom – – Corregidor – 9 April 1942:Bataan has fallen. The Philippine-American troops on this war-ravaged and bloodstained peninsula have laid down their arms. With heads bloody but unbowed, they have yielded to the superior force and numbers of the enemy.The world will long remember the epic struggle that Filipino and American soldiers put up in the jungle fastness and along the rugged coast of Bataan.

They have stood up uncomplaining under the constant and grueling fire of the enemy for more than three months. Besieged on land and blockaded by sea, cut off from all sources of help in the Philippines and in America, the intrepid fighters have done all that human endurance could bear.For what sustained them through all these months of incessant battle was a force that was more than merely physical. It was the force of an unconquerable faith—something in the heart and soul that physical hardship and adversity could not destroy.

It was the thought of native land and all that it holds most dear, the thought of freedom and dignity and pride in these most priceless of all our human prerogatives.The adversary, in the pride of his power and triumph, will credit our troops with nothing less than the courage and fortitude that his own troops have shown in battle. Our men have fought a brave and bitterly contested struggle. All the world will testify to the most superhuman endurance with which they stood up until the last in the face of overwhelming odds.But the decision had to come.

Men fighting under the banner of unshakable faith are made of something more than flesh, but they are not made of impervious steel. The flesh must yield at last, endurance melts away, and the end of the battle must come.Bataan has fallen, but the spirit that made it stand—a beacon to all the liberty-loving peoples of the world—cannot fall!. Japanese soldiers guard American and Filipino prisoners of war.The continued resistance of the force on Bataan after Singapore and the Indies had fallen made heartening news among the Allied peoples. However, the extension of time gained by the defence was very largely a result of the transfer of the 48th Division from Homma's army at a critical time, and the exhaustion of the weakened force that remained. It cost a far stronger Japanese army as many days of actual combat to take Malaya and Singapore Island as it cost Homma to take Bataan and Corregidor.The surrender of Bataan hastened the fall of a month later. There is a suggestion that without the stand, the Japanese might have quickly overrun all of the U.S. Bases in the Pacific and could have quickly invaded Australia.

Willoughby, MacArthur's Intelligence Officer, asserted after the war that the epic operation in Bataan and Corregidor became a decisive factor in the ultimate winning of the war, that it disrupted the Japanese timetable 'in a way that was to prove crucial' and that 'because of Bataan the Japanese never managed to detach enough men, planes, ships, and material to nail down Guadalcanal.' That assertion is contradicted by simple facts of history, geography and arithmetic. Rather than allowing the operations on Luzon to upset their general timetable, the Japanese took steps that resulted in prolonging the resistance of Luzon in order to speed up their conquest of the Indies. Between the time of their advance into the Solomons and the American counter-landing on Guadalcanal in August, three months after the fall of Corregidor, they had ample troops available to build up their strength in the South Seas.However, historian Teodoro Agoncillo argues that the battle was 'unnecessary in so far as the throwing away of precious lives was concerned, for it served no strategic purpose.' It was only Yamashita who thought of invading Australia, something that Tojo did not support.

Finally, not only did the USAFFE possess numerical superiority, it could have recaptured Manila easily (according to Homma).Ultimately, more than 60,000 Filipino and 15,000 American prisoners of war were forced into the. However, about 10,000–12,000 of these eventually escaped from the march to form in the mountains, tying down the occupying Japanese.

On 7 September 1944, the Japanese ship was sunk by; on board the Shinyo Maru were U.S. POWs, of whom 668 died and 82 survived.After more than two years of fighting in the Pacific, General initiated, fulfilling his promise to return to the country he had left in 1942.

As part of the campaign, the (31 January to 21 February 1945) by Allied forces and Philippine guerrillas avenged the surrender of the defunct (USAFFE) to invading Japanese forces.Legacy. Further information:Araw ng Kagitingan (Day of Valour), 9 April, the day Bataan fell into Japanese hands, was declared a. Previously called Bataan Day, the day is now known as or Day of Valour, commemorating both the Fall of Bataan (9 April 1942) and the Fall of Corregidor (6 May 1942).The Dambana ng Kagitingan (Shrine of Valor) is a memorial shrine erected on top of in, in the Philippines. The war memorial grounds feature a that houses an, and a museum. On the peak of the mountain is the memorial cross standing about 311 ft (95 m) high., commissioned on 20 September 1997, the commemorates 'those who served and sacrificed in the Philippines in the name of freedom in the Pacific'., commissioned on 17 November 1943, the commemorated 'those who served and sacrificed in the Philippines in the name of freedom in the Pacific' until her decommissioning on 9 April 1954.The Bataan Death March Memorial Monument, erected in April, 2001, is the only monument funded by the U.S. Federal government dedicated to the victims of the Bataan Death March during World War II. The memorial was designed and sculpted by artist Kelley Hester and is located in Veterans Park along Roadrunner Parkway in.is a on in, where it crosses the.

It was built in 1949 and rededicated on 9 April 1998, commemorating not only the Day of Valour but also the of the from Spain in 1898. Army member posts the flag of the 'Battling Bastards of Bataan' at the opening ceremony of the.In film and television Among the many films and television programs that feature the story of Bataan are (1943) starring, the classic (1945), starring, and, (1945) starring Wayne and, and two movies about the nurses of Bataan: (1943) and (1943).Dozens of have also featured stories from the Battle of Bataan including A Legacy of Heroes: The Story of Bataan and Corregidor (2003), Ghosts of Bataan (2005) and an episode of series, entitled 'Raid on the Bataan Death Camp' (2006).

Though largely focusing on the in 1945, this last program also featured stories from the 1942 battle; notably the stand of the 57th Infantry Regiment (PS) at Mabatang.See also. – called by magazine 'Bataan's medical hero'. – Filipino guerrilla leader who resisted until July 8, 1944.References.